{"id":14036,"date":"2026-06-23T07:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-23T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/?p=14036"},"modified":"2026-06-21T18:14:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T16:14:42","slug":"tuckmans-team-development-model","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/en\/tuckmans-team-development-model\/","title":{"rendered":"TUCKMAN&#8217;S TEAM DEVELOPMENT MODEL"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"14036\" class=\"elementor elementor-14036 elementor-4252\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd98650 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"dd98650\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6442dc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6442dc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Development teams are often expected to be effective &#8220;right out of the box.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Management: &#8220;<strong>After all, our they are all experts (and well-paid ones at that)!<\/strong>&#8221; <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68e312f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68e312f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It is often overlooked that development teams do not achieve working synergy overnight; rather, it is a gradual process that takes time and is also quite sensitive to disruptive influences.<\/p><p>Tuckman\u2019s team development model describes the stages a team must go through after formation to become effective. This model, which is nearly 60 years old, remains the most popular due to its simplicity and clarity. This model is not the direct foundation of Agile frameworks, but it aligns very well with them. Long-lasting, self-organizing teams often exhibit the behavioral patterns described by the model. It could be said that Tuckman\u2019s model is implicitly \u201cembedded\u201d in modern Agile frameworks.    <\/p><p>Over the years, quite a few competing models have been introduced that are intended to address the \u201cshortcomings\u201d of Tuckman\u2019s model. Unfortunately, these models often view Tuckman\u2019s model as too static and focus on addressing a single perceived shortcoming. As a result, these models are either impractically complicated or too narrowly focused to be useful in practice (for example, focusing on individual development rather than the team as a whole).  <\/p><p>This does not mean that alternative models are wrong; it just means that the Agile frameworks we use every day, are not based on them.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bddb5b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3bddb5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7475988 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7475988\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1779\" height=\"974\" src=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Agile-timeline-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-11003\" alt=\"Tuckmanov model\" srcset=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Agile-timeline-1.jpg.webp 1779w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Agile-timeline-1-300x164.jpg.webp 300w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Agile-timeline-1-1024x561.jpg.webp 1024w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Agile-timeline-1-768x420.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Agile-timeline-1-1536x841.jpg.webp 1536w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Agile-timeline-1-600x328.jpg.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1779px) 100vw, 1779px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fed3986 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fed3986\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7396206 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7396206\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Some of the better-known competing models:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Punctuated-Equilibrium Model (1988)<\/li><li>Salmon\u2019s e-tivities model (2002)<\/li><li>Wheelan&#8217;s integrated model of group development (1990, 2003)<\/li><li>The Team Evolution and Maturation (TEAM) Model (1994)<\/li><\/ul><p>You will notice that most of the models competing with Tuckman\u2019s were developed before or shortly after 2001, when the Agile Manifesto was created. It served as the basis for the development (or at least the formalization) of many Agile frameworks. As mentioned, due to its simplicity and intuitive clarity, these frameworks have largely followed Tuckman\u2019s model in their practical implementation. For this reason, the \u201centhusiasm\u201d for developing new, revolutionary models following the publication of the Agile Manifesto has waned. The chances of such models being accepted by the professional community have, in fact, decreased dramatically.    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b9fea6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7b9fea6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d0f6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"71d0f6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Zajec.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-10997\" alt=\"Tuckmanov model\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24b8cb0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"24b8cb0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6e8250 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a6e8250\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>However, if anyone today is still trying to grab attention quickly, they can still do so with sensational headlines such as <a href=\"https:\/\/onbelay.co\/articles\/2017\/5\/5\/tuckman-was-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cTUCKMAN WAS WRONG!<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3c16c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3c16c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">MODEL<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cd417a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9cd417a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1> <\/h1><p>After a team is formed, its members need time to get to know one another, build mutual trust, learn to collaborate, and complement each other\u2019s strengths. Tuckman identified five* stages of team development. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c1585b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8c1585b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc95379 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc95379\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"874\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tuckman-shema.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-10998\" alt=\"Tuckmanov model\" srcset=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tuckman-shema.jpg.webp 874w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tuckman-shema-300x176.jpg.webp 300w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tuckman-shema-768x451.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Tuckman-shema-600x352.jpg.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba9e3bb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ba9e3bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a554ff7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a554ff7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>*The final phase is known as \u201cMourning\u201d (Adjourning), or the disbandment phase, which is not relevant to our topic and is often omitted from diagrams. Tuckman added it later, in 1977. This phase is characterized by celebrating successes, an increased need for empathy, rewarding achievements, and the gradual disbandment of the team.   <\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cef3ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cef3ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The basic premise of Tuckman&#8217;s model:<\/span> A team&#8217;s effectiveness depends on the stage it is in.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0b4076 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b0b4076\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ff9e68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5ff9e68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Tuckman-5-faz-768x513.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-13665\" alt=\"Tuckman\" srcset=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Tuckman-5-faz-768x513.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Tuckman-5-faz-300x200.jpg.webp 300w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Tuckman-5-faz-600x401.jpg.webp 600w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Tuckman-5-faz.jpg.webp 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69a2b15 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"69a2b15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eee5ab2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eee5ab2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PHASES<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-135fb68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"135fb68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuckman&#8217;s stages are described in the context of the Scrum framework, but if we replace that term with Kanban, Lean Startup, or Agile, the meaning and relevance remain the same.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b6388e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0b6388e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1 - Forming<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d38e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61d38e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The development team is taking shape. Members are uncertain about the purpose of the initiative, their expertise, their own roles within the team, and the way they will work. Driven by a desire to be accepted into the group, they avoid conflict. Optimism prevails. They turn to the Scrum Master for guidance. His role at this stage is often to provide direct assistance with activities and to establish a clear tactical picture of what needs to be done. In addition, the Scrum Master focuses during this phase on building trust among team members.      <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53aa005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53aa005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>Key milestones, artifacts, and activities in this phase include:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">A specific product objective (alignment of the product with the organization\u2019s strategy)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Product Backlog (a list of what needs to be done to achieve the product goal)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Organizational support for team self-organization (voluntary team formation, task assignment, and independent decision-making regarding how and when we will work)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Definition of Done (Code Quality Standards)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Agreements on working methods (Daily Scrum format, conflict resolution, rules for meetings and interactions)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9586a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9586a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2 - Storming<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2151da9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2151da9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The different personality traits of the team members begin to cause conflicts. Members start to question the purpose of the initiative, their role on the team, the way they work, and the architecture of the solution. Communication among team members becomes more tense.  <\/p>\n<p>The Scrum Master helps team members move past this phase as quickly as possible by offering advice and providing unobtrusive guidance. Studies have shown that, in addition to the Scrum Master it also helps to have smaller teams (4\u20136 members), shorter tasks or user stories (up to 20 hours, with an average of 4 hours), and an \u201cacademic atmosphere\u201d (enthusiasm for exploring different solutions). In addition, during this phase, the Scrum Master focuses on building relationships and trust among team members.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d63fcd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d63fcd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>Key milestones, artifacts, and activities in this phase include:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Emphasizing Scrum values (commitment, focus, openness, respect, courage)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Sprint Retrospective (an opportunity to improve work methods, collaboration, and processes)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Ongoing agreements on working methods (reached by consensus among all members of the development team and posted in a visible location)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">&#8220;Definition of Done&#8221; as a Decision-Making Guideline<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78be5fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"78be5fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3 - Norming<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-999c412 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"999c412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Team members who have learned to collaborate with one another during the storming phase move on to the norming phase. This alignment is often facilitated by <a href=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/en\/evolution-of-definition-of-done\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a well-developed \u201cDefinition of Done<\/a>.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>During the norming phase, the team becomes productive and self-organizing. Members have found their place in the group, resolve interpersonal issues on their own, and trust one another. Team roles have been established. Members have become more confident in their professional expertise and in their interactions with external stakeholders.   <\/p>\n<p>Scrum Master supports this phase primarily by providing advice, guiding the team in resolving conflicts, and removing organizational obstacles on team\u2019s path.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c29cebf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c29cebf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>Key milestones, artifacts, and activities in this phase include:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Conducting Scrum ceremonies (Daily Scrum, Sprint Review, Sprint Retrospective, Sprint Planning)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Taking team roles into account (developers, Scrum Master, Product Owner, external stakeholders)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Focusing on creating a product increment in each Sprint<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06d8b11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06d8b11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4 - Performing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8094201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8094201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>During performing phase, the team reaches its full potential. Responsibility for the outcome becomes a shared responsibility, the Work In Progress (WIP) is low, and the flow of functionality through the development process is constant and predictable. <\/p>\n<p>Teams begin experimenting with complementary practices such as pair programming, Test-Driven Development, XP, or scaling.<\/p>\n<p>At this stage, the Scrum Master motivates team members, fosters a positive atmosphere, provides information about alternative tools (when developers grow tired of a particular tool), and removes (primarily external) obstacles to the team\u2019s work.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-044844d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"044844d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>Key milestones, artifacts, and activities in this phase include:<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Conducting Scrum Ceremonies<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Continuous improvement<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Metrics and Improving Forecasts for the Release<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p>Many teams never reach the \u201cperforming\u201d stage, yet they still function successfully. Usually, the reason for not reaching the \u201cperforming\u201d stage is an excessive number of changes imposed on the team by the organization. Most often, this is a result of staff turnover. Every time a team gains a new member, it &#8220;resets&#8221; to the bottom of Tuckman\u2019s model and must work its way through the forming and storming phases again. This, of course, affects productivity.    <\/p><p>In practice, this means that adding team members with the aim of increasing productivity will, in the short term, have exactly the opposite effect (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ringelmann_effect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Ringelmann effect and <\/a>Brooks\u2019s<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Mythical_Man-Month\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">*The Mythical Man-Month*<\/a>).<\/p><p>Another obstacle to reaching the \u201cperforming\u201d phase is team members multitasking between working on a development initiative and their \u201cregular\u201d work responsibilities. This kind of division of time is strongly discouraged (<a href=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/en\/produkt\/product-owner-course\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On-Product Index<\/a>). Developers should be 100% dedicated to a single development initiative. Any parallel task we attempt to carry out reduces our productivity by as much as 20%.   <\/p><h1> <\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d39cb05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d39cb05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">CRITICISMS OF TUCKMAN'S MODEL<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29fd802 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29fd802\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There is no shortage of criticism and expressed reservations regarding Tuckman\u2019s model. These are often reasonable and well-founded from a professional standpoint. The fact is, however, that despite its shortcomings, the model has worked well in practice for decades, whereas other, perhaps more academically grounded models rarely have.  <\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a look at some criticisms and respond to them.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-783d183 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"783d183\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. Criticism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f984d8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f984d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Studies intended to scientifically prove Tuckman&#8217;s model have failed to do so.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c24c49c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c24c49c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #333399;\">In practice, the model <strong>functions<\/strong> as part of the most popular Agile practices and frameworks.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #333399;\">It is also not true that no study supports it. One of the more significant studies was conducted for the Defense Acquisition University in Huntsville, Alabama. The result of that study was the creation of a complementary <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/36725856.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DAU model<\/a><\/span>, which assesses agility at the organizational level.  <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dac0a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2dac0a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Criticism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea4c367 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea4c367\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The model was developed to assist group facilitators, not group leaders.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-171aa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"171aa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Agile methodologies tend toward self-organizing teams where leaders emerge on their own initiative depending on the problem the team is solving (emergent leadership). This means that anyone can be a potential leader. For this type of leader, the model does not offer any particular added value, so in my opinion, there is no need to devote much attention to it.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Familiarity with Tuckman\u2019s model will be particularly useful to a Scrum Master, who is essentially a team coordinator (facilitator, servant-leader). And it was with coordinators in mind that the model was developed. <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dae70a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7dae70a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Criticism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dd8772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0dd8772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In practice, team development is not a linear process that follows the stages <strong>of forming \u21d2 storming \u21d2 norming \u21d2 performing<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b5f484 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b5f484\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Answer:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Tuckman never claimed that.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #333399;\">With regard to the &#8220;linearity&#8221; of the phases, the Scrum Master should be aware of the following:<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Some team members may already be in the norming phase, while others are still in the storming phase. Depending on the maturity level of individual members, the Scrum Master must adapt their approach (adaptive leadership) and help members who are lagging behind to progress to a higher phase. <\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Changes in team membership always &#8220;reset&#8221; the team back to the forming stage.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Teams can skip a particular phase. In practice, this doesn&#8217;t happen, but a phase can be so short that the transition seems almost imperceptible for most team members. <\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Multiple phases can manifest simultaneously with varying degrees of intensity. If we view every conflict as a \u201cstorming\u201d phase, we can consider that, at a lower intensity, it may also persist through the \u201cnorming\u201d and \u201cperforming\u201d phases. However, such nitpicking does not add value for the team or the Scrum Master. Conflicts will always exist; it is the team\u2019s capability in resolving them on their own that will grow as they progress through the phases.   <\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab3aa2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab3aa2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">OPINION<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed90412 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed90412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuckman&#8217;s model is not a comprehensive sociological framework, but for the purpose it serves, this is not even necessary.<\/p>\n<p>If we want to achieve a highly effective development process, it is important to focus not only on team development but also on individual development. To this end, as a complement to Tuckman\u2019s model, I would suggest the simple <a href=\"https:\/\/www.projectmanagement.com\/wikis\/609092\/shu-ha-ri-model-of-skill-mastery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shu-Ha-Ri<\/a> model by Alistair Cockburn, one of the co-authors of the Agile Manifesto. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-332f663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"332f663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-398aa63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"398aa63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Shu-Ha-Ri-e1713981052833.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-10999\" alt=\"Tuckmanov model\" srcset=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Shu-Ha-Ri-e1713981052833.png.webp 741w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Shu-Ha-Ri-e1713981052833-300x153.png.webp 300w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Shu-Ha-Ri-e1713981052833-600x306.png.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d00b597 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d00b597\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3fab90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3fab90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To understand team members\u2019 motivations and the necessary organizational changes, a simplified version of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs<\/a> is also helpful.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f9fe1b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8f9fe1b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5f80d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d5f80d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"571\" src=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Maslow-768x571.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-11000\" alt=\"Tuckmanov model\" srcset=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Maslow-768x571.jpg.webp 768w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Maslow-300x223.jpg.webp 300w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Maslow-600x446.jpg.webp 600w, https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Maslow.jpg.webp 897w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c98fd59 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c98fd59\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5715b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5715b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In my opinion, from a psychological and sociological perspective, these three models are sufficient for successfully understanding and guiding development teams toward cohesion and high effectiveness.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, a team that\u2019s in the performing phase can also look for alternatives to this claim. \ud83d\ude0a<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a7f6ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a7f6ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We explore Tuckman\u2019s model in the context of Adaptive Leadership in more detail in the <a href=\"https:\/\/deltaagile.com\/en\/produkt\/scrum-master-course\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scrum Master<\/a> course.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Development teams are often expected to be effective &#8220;right out of the box.&#8221; Management: &#8220;After all, our they are all experts (and well-paid ones at that)!&#8221; It is often overlooked that development teams do not achieve working synergy overnight; rather, it is a gradual process that takes time and is also quite sensitive to disruptive [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14042,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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